12213042
1EA30
INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect Speech adalah kalimat tak langsung, yaitu kalimat yang dikatakan olehh orang lain
(mungkin di tempat dan waktu yang berbeda) berdasarkan apa yang dikatakan
langsung oleh penutur pertama. “Indirect Speech” disebut juga reported speech atau quoted speech.
1 . Dalam indirect
speech, “the past continuous tense”
yang digunakan dengan when clause tidak mengalami perubahan.
2. Dalam British English, penulisan tanda kutip menggunakan tanda kutip satu
(‘ ‘), sedangkan dalam American English,
penulisannya menggunakan tanda kutip dua (“
“).
3. ‘should’ yang digunakan dengan I dan We (British) mempunyai arti akan bukan
sebaliknya. ‘should’ berubah menjadi would dalam indirect speech.
Contoh:
a) He said, ‘ I should be happy.’ à He said that he would be happy
b) He said, ‘I shall be happy.’ à He said that he would be happy
4. Untuk suatu
pernyataan yang benar secara universal. Kita dapat menggunakan the simple
present tense dalam noun clause.
Contoh:
a) He said that the sun rises in the east.
b) He said that the sun rose in the east.
5. Jika introductory
verb atau kata kerja dalam klausa utama dalam bentuk the simple present, the
present perfect atau the simple future tense, maka dalam indirect speech tidak mengalami perubahan.
Contoh:
a) He says that he is trying to work carefully.
b) She has said that she will never be late again.
Tense
yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Indirect Speech:
Indirect Speech:
1.
Simple Past Tense
Rumus :
(+) subject + verb 2
Example 1 : I met him
yesterday
Example 2 : He stole
my car last night
(-) subject + did + not + verb 1
(-) subject + did + not + verb 1
Example
1 : I didn’t meet him yesterday
Example
2 : He didn’t steal my car last night
(?) Did + subject + verb 1 + ?
(?) Did + subject + verb 1 + ?
Example
1 : Did I meet him yesterday ?
Example
2 : Did he steal my car last night?
Pengecualian: Ketika Predikat suatu kalimat bukan kata kerja, maka pengganti kata kerja tersebut adalah was (I, she, he, it) dan were (we, you, they).
Rumus
:
(+) subject + was/were +
adjective/adverb/noun
Example
1 : I was a good student last year
Example
2 : She was at his house last night
(-) subject + was/were + not +
adjective/adverb/noun
Example
1 : I was not a good student
Example
2 : She was not at his house last night
(?) was/were + subject +
adjective/adverb/noun + ?
Example
1 : Was I a good student ?
Example
2 : Was she at his house last night ?
Kapan
kita memakai Simple Past Tense?
Kita
memakai Tense ini untuk membicarakan tentang satu perbuatan yang terjadi di
masa lampau.
2.
Past Continuous Tense
Rumus:
(+) subject + was/were + V- ing
Example 1 : We were
joking.
Example 2 : She was
waiting him two hours ago
(-) subject + was/were + not + V- ing
Example 1 : We were
not joking
Example 2 : She was
not waiting him two hours ago
(?) was/were + subject + V – ing + ?
Example 1 : Were we
joking ?
Example 2 : Was she
waiting him two hours ago ?
Kapan
kita menggunakan Tense ini?
Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
Tense ini menggambarkan suatu tindakan atau kejadian pada waktu tertentu di masa lampau.
3.
Past Perfect Tense
Rumus:
Subject + had + verb 3
Example
1 : I had listen the radio when you come here
Example 2 : I had
eaten my breakfast
Kapan kita
menggunakan Past Perfect Tense?
Tense
ini mengekspresikan tindakan di masa lalu sebelum tindakan lain terjadi, namun
kejadiannya di masa lampau.
4.
Past Perfect
Continuous Tense
Rumus:
subject + had + been + V – ing
Example
1 : She had been helping me when they went to school
Example
2 : He had been meeting me before he met my mother
Kapan Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
Kapan Kita menggunakan Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
Tense
ini sama pemakaiannya dengan Past Perfect Tense, namun mengekspresikan
tindakan-tindakan yang lebih lama di masa lampau sebelum tindakan lain terjadi.
5.
Past Future
Tense/Conditional
Untuk menyatakan
suatu perbuatan/peristiwa yang akan terjadi diwaktu lampau
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + verb 1
subject + WOULD + verb 1
Example 1: She would
not be at school tomorrow.
Example 2 : I would
not be go to the party tonight
6.
Past Future Continuous
Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Untuk menyatakan
suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi di waktu lampau.
Rumus:
subject + WOULD + BE + V - ing
subject + WOULD + BE + V - ing
Example 1 : We would
be having dinner at home yesterday.
Example 2 : They
would be going to school this morning
7.
Conditional
Conditional
sentence adalah kalimat pengandaian yang mengandaikan suatu keinginan, harapan,
rencana dan lain-lain yang :
· Masih
bisa terjadi (possible)
· Tak
terpenuhi / angan-angan (unreal /probable) dan
·
Tidak
terwujud (imposible)
Ada 3 bentuk
conditional sentence yaitu :
·
Tipe
I : Future conditional yang menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan, ataupun
rencana yang masih BISA TERJADI / when we are thinking about possibilities.
Rumus
IF + S + V1, S + will
+V1
Example
1 : If I pass the exam, I will continue to university
Example
2 : If I can’t become your girlfriend, I wiil keep to smile
Faktanya
1 : Maybe I pass the exam, if I study hard.
Faktanya
2 : Maybe I can’t become your girlfriend, if I don’t care about him
·
Type
II : Present conditional, yang menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan ataupun
rencana yang tak terpenuhi / angan-angan ( unreal) or when we imagine a
situation.
Rumus
IF + S + V2, S + would
+ V1
Example
1 : If I felt better, I would take a walk in the park today
Example
2 : If I were not tired, I would help you
Faktanya
1 : I don’t feel better now.
Faktanya
2 : I’m tired now.
*In
type II “were “ is used for all
subjects
·
Type
III : Past conditional yang menyatakan suatu keinginan, harapan atau rencana
yang tidak terwujud ( imposible) or when we imagine a situation based on the
facts in the past.
Rumus
IF + S + had + V3, S +
would have + V3
Example
1 : If I had felt better, I would have come to class yesterday
Example
2 : If I had come, you would have had good time
Faktanya
1 : I didn’t feel better
Faktanya
2 : I didn’t come
*Untuk
tipe III sering berbentuk inversion (pembalikan posisi). Subjek 2 kata kerjanya
serta tidak menggunakan IF.
Example
1 : Had I passed the exam, I would have continued to university.
Example 2 : Had I come, you would have had good time.
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau
fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present
dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai,
melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
CONTOH:
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
1) He said, ‘I work
Hard.’
|
He said (that) he worked hard
|
|
2) He said, ‘I am
working hard.’
|
He said (that)he was working hard
|
|
3) He said, ‘I will
work hard.’
|
He said (that) He would work hard
|
|
4) He said, ‘I was
working hard.’
|
He said (that) he had been working
hard
|
|
5) He said, ‘I
worked hard.’
|
He said (that) he had worked hard
|
|
6) He said, ‘I have
worked hard.’
|
He said (that) he had worked hard
|
|
7) He said, ‘I am
going to work hard.’
|
He said (that) he was going to work
hard
|
|
8) He said, ‘I can
work hard.’
|
He said (that) he could work hard
|
|
9) He said, ‘I may
work hard.’
|
He said (that) he might work hard
|
|
10) He said, ‘I
might work hard.’
|
He said (that) he might work hard
|
|
11) He said, ‘I must
work hard.’
|
He said (that) he must/had to work
hard
|
|
12) He said, ‘I have
to work hard.’
|
He said (that) he had to work hard
|
|
He said, ‘work hard.’
|
He told me to work hard
|
|
He said, ‘I should work hard.’
|
He said (that) he should work hard
|
|
He said, ‘Don’t leave.’
|
He told me not to leave
|
|
He said, ‘Will you come?’
|
He asked if (wheter or not) I would
go.
|
|
He asked, ‘where are you?’
|
He asked me where I was
|
|
He said, ‘I was talking to my teacher when Ann called me.’
|
He said (that) he was talking to his
teacher when Ann called him
|
Perhatikan
perubahan adverb
of time (keterangan waktu) dan kata kerja di dalam Indirect Speech
|
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
|
Now (sekarang)
|
Then, at that moment (pada waktu itu)
|
|
Today (hari ini)
|
That day (hari itu)
|
|
Yesterday (Kemarin)
|
The day before, the previous day
(sehari sebelumnya)
|
|
Last night (semalam)
|
The night before, the previous night
(semalam sebelumnya)
|
|
Last week (minggu lalu)
|
the week before, the previous week
(seminggu sebelumnya)
|
|
Two days ago (dua hari lalu)
|
Two days before (dua hari sebelumnya)
|
|
A week ago (seminggu lalu)
|
a week before, the previous week
(seminggu sebelumnya)
|
|
A month ago (sebulan lalu)
|
A month before, the previous month
(sebulan sebelumnya)
|
|
A year ago (setahun lalu)
|
a year before, the previous year
(setahun sebelumnya)
|
|
Tomorrow (besok)
|
the following day, the next day (hari
berikutnya)
|
|
Next week (minggu depan)
|
the following week (minggu
berikutnya)
|
|
Next month (bulan depan)
|
the following month (bulan
berikutnya)
|
|
Next year (tahun depan)
|
the following year (tahun berikutnya)
|
|
Next Monday (senin depan)
|
the following Monday (senin
berikutnya)
|
|
Here (disini)
|
there (disana)
|
|
Over here (di sebelah sini)
|
over there (disebelah sana)
|
|
This (ini)
|
that (itu)
|
|
These (ini)
|
those (itu)
|
|
Tonight
|
That
night
|
|
This
week
|
That
week
|
|
The
day before yesterday
|
Two
days before
|
|
Three
years ago
|
Three
years before
|
|
The
day after tomorrow
|
In
two day’s time/The following day
|
|
This
book
|
The
book
|
|
*etc.
|
*etc
|
Perubahan-perubahan auxiliaries (kata bantu) yang harus diperhatikan:
Can → Could
May → Might
Might → Might
Must → Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 4 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.
2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.
3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.
2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.
3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.
4.
Request is a sentence
that asks someone to do something. It ends with a period (.) or a question
mark(?).
Request : -menggunakan tanda
titik (.) atau tanda tanya (?) untuk mengakhiri kalimat
-digunakan untuk bertanya atau meminta
seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu
-sering menggunakan kata-kata seperti
could, would, dll
CONTOH KALIMAT REQUEST :
1. Could you help me please?
2. Would you answer the phone?
3. Open the window please
4. Please buy some egg at the market
5. Bring me the glasess please
EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1.
D
:
She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “
I
:
She says to her friend that he has been reading
2.
D
:
He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “
I
:
He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly
3.
D
:
Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “
I : Reza said that he was very sleepy
4.
D : He has told you, “ I am writing “
I : He has told you that he is writing
5.
D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “
I : Mothe advised her son to study hard
6.
D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like
football “
I : My friend said to me that he didn’t
like football
7.
D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus
I : She said that she hadn’t gone to
campus this morning
8.
D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies
“
I : Rikza says that she has seen that
movies
.
D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there
alone “
I : Mother asked her not to go there alone
1 . D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “
I : Father asked robi not to smoke too
much
Referensi :
http://wongzo.blogspot.com/2012/10/16-tenses-bahasa-inggris-beserta-rumus.html
http://nonaqoe.wordpress.com/2008/07/10/conditional-sentence/
http://hedwigsite.blogspot.com/2012/04/command-and-request.html
